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China yakhala ikutumiza kunja kwambiri zinthu zaukhondo
2024-04-16
Pakati pa 2010 ndi 2022, kutuluka kwa dziko lapansi ndi kutumiza kunja kwa ceramic ware waukhondo kudakwera ndi 71.3% kuchoka pa matani 2.16 miliyoni mpaka matani 3.7 miliyoni, kukula kwapachaka kwa 4.6%. Komabe, zinthu zabwino zomwe zidapitilira pafupifupi nthawi yonseyi (kupatula 2020 chifukwa cha mliri) zidasokonekeranso mu 2022, pomwe zotumiza kunja zidatsika ndi 5.6% poyerekeza ndi 2021. Mchitidwe woyipawu wawonedwa pafupifupi pafupifupi mayiko onse omwe amapanga komanso maiko akuluakulu ogulitsa kunja.
Asia idakali yaikulu padziko lonse yogulitsa katundu waukhondo, kuonjezera gawo lake la katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi ku 66% ngakhale kuti 3.5% yatsika kufika matani 2.44 miliyoni mu 2022. Izi ndi zotsatira zophatikizana za kuchepa kwachuma pafupifupi pafupifupi onse akuluakulu a ku Asia (omwe ndi China, India, Thailand, ndi Vietnam), ndi Iran yokhayo yabwino.
Zotumizidwa kuchokera ku European Union, yomwe ndi yachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi kutumiza kunja, idatsikanso ndi 3.7 peresenti mpaka matani 520,000. Ogulitsa atatu akuluakulu okha ndiwo adatenga theka lazogulitsa kunja kwa EU, koma adatsata njira zosiyanasiyana, pomwe Poland ndi Portugal zidasunga milingo ya 2021, pomwe zotumiza ku Germany zidatsika ndi 4.6%. Kumpoto kwa America (NAFTA) kudatsika kwambiri kuwirikiza kawiri kwa zotumiza kunja, kutsika mpaka matani 328,000 (kutsika ndi 13.5% kuchokera 2021), makamaka chifukwa chakutsika kwa 10% ku Mexico. Mayiko omwe si a EU adawona kutsika kofananako pakutumiza kunja (-13.1% mpaka matani 253,000), pomwe Turkey idatsika ndi 8.3% (matani 187,000). Komanso pa kuchepa ndi South America (84,000 matani, -15.4%) ndi Africa (73,000 matani, -7%).
Kuyang'ana pazaka zonse za 12, chithunzi chowonekera bwino cha chitukuko chotumiza kunja kudera lililonse, makamaka kukula kwa Asia, komwe kutumizidwa kunja kuwirikiza kawiri kuchokera ku matani 1.1 miliyoni mpaka matani 2.4 miliyoni (CAGR 2022/2010 + 6.9%). Gawo la Asia pazogulitsa kunja padziko lonse lapansi lakwera kuchoka pa 51% mu 2010 mpaka 66% lero, ndikupambana gawo la pafupifupi madera ena onse.
Mosiyana ndi izi, zogulitsa kunja kwa EU sizinasinthidwe pa matani 522,000 panthawiyi, ndipo gawo lake la malonda a padziko lonse linatsika kuchokera ku 24.2% kufika ku 14%. Ngakhale kuti zogulitsa kunja zawonjezeka ndi 22 peresenti kuyambira 2010, gawo la NAFTA latsika kuchoka pa 12.4 peresenti kufika pa 8.9 peresenti. South America, yomwe inkawerengera 4.6 peresenti ya katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi mu 2010, idawona gawo lake likutsika mpaka 2.3 peresenti, pomwe kuchuluka kwa zogulitsa kunja kudakhalabe kokhazikika kwa zaka 12. Zotsalira zokha zinali mayiko omwe si a EU ku Ulaya ndi Africa, kumene omwe si a EU ku Ulaya omwe amagulitsa katundu padziko lonse lapansi adakwera kuchoka pa 6.1% kufika pa 6.8% pazaka 12 chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa 92% kwa mavoti otumiza kunja, pamene malonda a ku Africa adakula ndi 105% panthawiyi, kulimbikitsa gawo la malonda a padziko lonse kuchoka pa 1.7% kufika pa 2%.
Panali kusintha kochepa pakusanjidwa kwa anthu 10 apamwamba kwambiri mu 2022, pomwe Poland idasuntha kuchoka pa 6 kupita pa 5 ndipo Iran idachoka pa 10 kupita pa 9, kusinthanitsa malo ndi Thailand ndi Vietnam motsatana. China idasungabe malo apamwamba, kutumiza kunja matani 1.92 miliyoni (kutsika ndi 2.6% kuchokera ku 2021), kuwerengera 78% ya zogulitsa kunja kwa Asia ndi 52% yazogulitsa kunja. Mexico, wachiwiri wamkulu wogulitsa kunja, omwe amawerengera 8 peresenti ya katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi, adawona kutumiza kwake kutsika ndi 10.2 peresenti mpaka matani 295,000. Kutsatira kukula kwakukulu mu 2021, India idatsikanso, pomwe zotumiza kunja zidatsika kuchokera ku matani 264,000 mpaka matani 251,000 (-4.9%) chaka chatha. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi Turkey ndi matani 187,000 (-8.3%), Poland ndi matani 91,000 (+ 0.2%), kenako Thailand, Germany, Portugal, Iran ndi Vietnam. Ponseponse, ogulitsa 10 apamwamba osambira adatenga 84% yazogulitsa padziko lonse lapansi.
Kufufuza kwa katundu wotumizidwa ndi kontinenti ku 2022 sikungotsimikizira kuti Asia ndi North America ndi zigawo ziwiri zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zaukhondo zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja, komanso zimasonyeza kuti katundu wawo ndi wochepa kwambiri: matani 1.11 miliyoni ku Asia (30% ya katundu waukhondo padziko lonse lapansi, mpaka 3.3% kuchokera ku 2021); North America idawerengera matani 1.03 miliyoni (27.9% ya zomwe zimatumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi, 8.8% zosakwana 2021). European Union ilinso m'gulu lotsogolali, lomwe limawerengera 21% yazogulitsa padziko lonse lapansi mu 2022 ngakhale idatsika ndi 8% mpaka matani 770,000.
21% yotsala ya katundu wapadziko lonse lapansi ali ku Africa, South America, mayiko omwe si a EU ku Europe ndi Oceania.
Kusankhidwa kwa mayiko 10 otsogola ku 2022 kunawonetsa kusintha kwina poyerekeza ndi chaka chatha, ndikutuluka kwa Italy ndikulowa Saudi Arabia. Ponseponse, otsogola 10 otulutsa zinthu zaukhondo adatenga 50.6% (matani 1.86 miliyoni) a katundu waukhondo padziko lonse lapansi.
Mu 2022, United States idakhalanso yogulitsa zinthu zaukhondo padziko lonse lapansi, kuitanitsa matani 875,000 (kutsika ndi 6% kuchokera ku 2021). Imakhala ndi chitsogozo champhamvu pa ogula ena onse, omwe amawerengera 23.6 peresenti ya zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi komanso pafupifupi (85 peresenti) yazogulitsa kunja kudera la NAFTA. Poganizira kuti katundu wa US ku 2010 adadutsa matani a 500,000, omwe amawerengera 23% ya dziko lapansi, izi zikuwonetsa kupitiriza kwa mbiri yayitali.
Germany idakwera pamalo achiwiri ndikutulutsa pafupifupi matani 150,000 (-3.7% poyerekeza ndi 2021), idadutsa South Korea ndi matani 141,000 (-9.8%), kutsatiridwa ndi France (matani 130,000, -13.8%), United Kingdom (112,000), ndi United States. -14.8%), Canada, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam ndi Philippines.
Germany ndi Vietnam ali m'gulu la anthu 10 omwe amagulitsa zinthu kunja komanso 10 apamwamba kwambiri ogulitsa zinthu zaukhondo, akutumiza kunja kuposa kutumiza kunja.
Mfundo yomaliza yochititsa chidwi ndi kusanthula kwa malo akuluakulu omwe amatumizidwa kunja kutengera dera lazopanga. Madera anayi mwa asanu ndi awiriwa amagulitsa zambiri zomwe amagulitsa kunja kwa dera lawo kapena kontinenti yawo: 97% ya ku North America yogulitsa kunja idakali m'chigawo cha North America Free Trade Area (NAFTA); 82% ya South America yogulitsa kunja ikupitabe ku Latin America; 80% yazogulitsa kunja kwa Oceania zimakhalabe ku Oceania; 78% yazogulitsa kunja kwa EU zimapita kumsika wa EU.
Kumbali inanso, 85% ya zogulitsa kunja kuchokera kumayiko omwe si a EU zimapita kwina, makamaka ku EU (msika waukulu kwambiri ku Turkey). Mofananamo, 82 peresenti ya katundu wa ku Africa amapita kunja kwa Africa ndipo 58 peresenti ya katundu wa Asia amapita kunja kwa kontinenti, chifukwa cha mphamvu ya China yotumiza pafupifupi kumadera onse apadziko lonse.