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I-China iye yaba ngumrhwebi ophambili weemveliso zococeko
2024-04-16
Phakathi kowama-2010 no-2022, ukuhamba kwehlabathi nokuphuma kwamanye amazwe kwezixhobo ze-ceramic zococeko kunyuke nge-71.3% ukusuka kwi-2.16 yezigidi zeetoni ukuya kwi-3.7 yezigidi zeetoni, umyinge wokukhula ngonyaka ohlangeneyo we-4.6%. Nangona kunjalo, imeko entle eqhubeke phantse lonke ixesha (ngaphandle kuka-2020 ngenxa yesibetho) yaphazamiseka kwakhona ngo-2022, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kwehle nge-5.6% xa kuthelekiswa no-2021. Lo mkhwa umbi ubonwe phantse kuwo onke amazwe avelisa ngokwejografi kunye namazwe amakhulu athumela ngaphandle.
I-Asiya iselona lizwe lithumela iimpahla zococeko kumazwe angaphandle, inyusa isabelo sayo sezinto ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ukuya kuma-66% nangona i-3.5% ihlile ukuya kwi-2.44 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2022. Esi sisiphumo esidityanisiweyo sokucutha kwezoqoqosho phantse kubo bonke abarhwebi abakhulu base-Asia (okuthiwa yi-China, i-India, iThailand kunye neVietnam), ngaphandle kwe-Iran kuphela.
Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla evela kwiManyano yaseYurophu, eyesibini ngobukhulu kumazwe angaphandle, nayo yehle nge-3.7 yeepesenti ukuya kwi-520,000 yeetoni. Abona bathengisi bangaphandle bathathu bebodwa babalelwa kwisiqingatha se-EU, kodwa balandela iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kunye nePoland kunye nePortugal zigcina amanqanaba ka-2021, ngelixa ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweJamani kwehle nge-4.6%. I-North America (NAFTA) yabona ukuhla kwe-dijiti ephindwe kabini kwimpahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle, ewela kwiitoni ezingama-328,000 (ezantsi nge-13.5% ukusuka kwi-2021), ngenxa yokwehla kwe-10% eMexico. Amazwe angaphandle kwe-eu aseYurophu abone ukunqanyulwa okufanayo kwimpahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle (-13.1% ukuya kwi-253,000 yeetoni), kunye neTurkey phantsi kwe-8.3% (i-187,000 tonnes). Kwakhona kuMzantsi Merika (iitoni ezingama-84,000, -15.4%) kunye neAfrika (73,000 yeetoni, -7%).
Ukujonga lonke ixesha le-12 leminyaka, umfanekiso ocacileyo uvela kuphuhliso lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kummandla ngamnye, ngokukodwa ukukhula kwe-Asia, apho ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuphindwe kabini ukusuka kwi-1.1 yezigidi zeetoni ukuya kwi-2.4 yezigidi zeetoni (CAGR 2022/2010 + 6.9%). Isabelo se-Asiya sezinto ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle sinyuke sisuka kwi-51% ngowama-2010 saya kutsho kuma-66% namhlanje, sisoyisa isabelo phantse kuyo yonke eminye imimandla.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuthunyelwa kwe-EU kwahlala kungatshintshanga kwiitoni ezingama-522,000 ngeli xesha, kwaye isabelo sayo sorhwebo lwehlabathi sehle ukusuka kwi-24.2% ukuya kwi-14%. Ngelixa ukuthunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ngokubanzi kuye kwanda ngeepesenti ezingama-22 ukususela ngo-2010, isabelo se-NAFTA sehlile ukusuka kwi-12.4 yeepesenti ukuya kwi-8.9 ekhulwini. UMzantsi Merika, owawubalelwa kwi-4.6 yeepesenti ye-exports yehlabathi kwi-2010, yabona isabelo sayo sehla ukuya kwi-2.3 yeepesenti, ngelixa umthamo wezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle wahlala uzinzile iminyaka eyi-12. Amazwe angaphandle kuphela yayingamazwe angekho kwi-EU yaseYurophu kunye ne-Afrika, apho izabelo zamazwe angengawo kwi-EU yaseYurophu yokuthengisa kumazwe angaphandle inyuke ukusuka kwi-6.1% ukuya kwi-6.8% kwisithuba seminyaka eli-12 ngenxa yokunyuka kwe-92% kumthamo wempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle, lo gama ukuthunyelwa kwe-Afrika kumazwe angaphandle kukhule nge-105% ngeli xesha, oko kwanyusa isabelo sayo sorhwebo lwehlabathi ukusuka kwi-1.7% ukuya kwi-2%.
Kwabakho utshintsho oluncinci kuluhlu lwabathengisi be-10 abaphezulu kwi-2022, kunye nePoland ehamba ukusuka kwi-6 ukuya kwi-5 kunye ne-Iran ehamba ukusuka kwi-10 ukuya kwi-9, itshintshiselana neThailand kunye neVietnam ngokulandelanayo. I-China igcine indawo ephezulu, ithumela ngaphandle i-1.92 yezigidi zeetoni (ezantsi nge-2.6% ukusuka ngo-2021), ibala i-78% ye-Asian kumazwe angaphandle kunye nama-52% okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. UMexico, umthengisi wesibini ngobukhulu, obala ipesenti ezisi-8 zokuthunyelwa kwehlabathi, wabona ukuthunyelwa kwayo kwehla ngeepesenti ezili-10.2 ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-295,000. Ukulandela ukukhula okunamandla kakhulu ngo-2021, i-Indiya nayo yabona ukwehla, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwehla ukusuka kwiitoni ezingama-264,000 ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-251,000 (-4.9%) kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Oku kwalandelwa yiTurkey ngeetoni ze-187,000 (-8.3%), iPoland kunye neetoni ze-91,000 (+ 0.2%), kunye neThailand, iJamani, iPortugal, i-Iran kunye neVietnam. Ngokubanzi, abathumeli bezindlu zangasese abaphezulu abali-10 babalelwa kuma-84% okuthunyelwa ngaphandle elizweni jikelele.
Uhlalutyo lokungeniswa kwelizwekazi ngo-2022 aluqinisekisi kuphela ukuba i-Asiya kunye neNyakatho Melika yimimandla emibini ebangela ukuba uninzi lwezinto ezithengiswa ngaphandle kwempahla yococeko, kodwa ikwabonisa ukuba ukuthengiswa kwazo kuphantse kucaba: i-1.11 yezigidi zeetoni e-Asia (i-30% yempahla yococeko yehlabathi, i-3.3% ukusuka kwi-2021); UMntla Melika ubalelwa kwi-1.03 yezigidi zeetoni (i-27.9% yokungeniswa kwelizwe jikelele, i-8.8% ngaphantsi kowama-2021). I-European Union nayo iyinxalenye yeli qela likhokelayo, libalelwa kwi-21% yezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwihlabathi ngo-2022 nangona i-8% iyancipha ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-770,000.
I-21% eseleyo yempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle ise-Afrika, eMzantsi Melika, kumazwe angeyo-EU aseYurophu nase-Oceania.
Uluhlu lwamazwe ali-10 aphezulu angenisa iimpahla zococeko ngo-2022 abonise utshintsho oluthile lwesikhundla xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka ophelileyo, kunye ne-Italiya ephumayo kunye ne-Saudi Arabia ingena. Lilonke, abona bantu baphezulu abali-10 abangenisa izinto zococeko kumazwe angaphandle babalelwa kuma-50.6% (i-1.86 yezigidi zeetoni) yezinto ezisuka kumazwe angaphandle.
Ngo-2022, iUnited States yaphinda yaba lelona lizwe lingenisa impahla ngaphandle kwempahla yezococeko, lingenisa iitoni ezingama-875,000 (ezantsi nge-6% ukusuka ngo-2021). Igcina ukhokelo oluqinileyo kubo bonke abanye abarhwebi, i-akhawunti ye-23.6 yeepesenti yezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwehlabathi kwaye phantse zonke (i-85 ipesenti) zokungenisa kumazwe angaphandle kummandla we-NAFTA. Ukuqwalasela ukuba ukuthengiswa kwe-US kwi-2010 kudlule iitoni ze-500,000, i-akhawunti ye-23% yezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwehlabathi, oku kubonisa ukuqhubeka kwerekhodi elide.
IJamani inyuke yaya kwindawo yesibini ngokungeniswa ngaphandle kweetoni eziphantse zibe yi-150,000 (-3.7% xa kuthelekiswa ne-2021), idlula i-South Korea kunye ne-141,000 yeetoni (-9.8%), ilandelwa yi-France (i-130,000 tonnes, -13.8%), i-United Kingdom (i-112,000), kunye ne-United States. -14.8%), Canada, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam kunye Philippines.
IJamani kunye neVietnam ziphakathi kwabathengisi abaphezulu abali-10 kunye nabaphezulu abali-10 abathumela ngaphandle impahla yococeko, bangenisa ngaphezu kokuthumela ngaphandle.
Inqaku lokugqibela elinika umdla luhlalutyo lweyona ndawo iphambili yokuthumela ngaphandle ngokusekwe kwingingqi yemveliso. Imimandla emine kwesixhenxe ithengisa ubuninzi bothutho lwazo kumazwe angaphandle kummandla wayo wejografi okanye kwilizwekazi: i-97% yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-Amerika kuMntla Melika isagxile kuMmandla woRhwebo oluKhululwa kuMntla Merika (NAFTA); I-82% yeepesenti zaseMzantsi Melika ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zisaya kwi-Latin America; I-80% yokuthunyelwa kwe-Oceania kumazwe angaphandle kusasele e-Oceania; I-78% ye-EU ethunyelwa ngaphandle iya kwimarike ye-EU.
Kwelinye icala, i-85% yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-EU eYurophu iya kwenye indawo, ngakumbi kwi-EU (eyona marike inkulu yaseTurkey). Ngokufanayo, i-82 pesenti ye-Afrika ethunyelwa ngaphandle iphuma ngaphandle kwe-Afrika kwaye i-58 pesenti ye-Asia ethunyelwa ngaphandle iphuma ngaphandle kwelizwekazi, ngenxa yesakhono se-China sokuthumela ngenqanawa phantse kuyo yonke imimandla yehlabathi.